Spectrum of Autism Traits

Autism is a complex spectrum of traits, including sensory sensitivities, emotional regulation, and masking. Discover the diverse ways it shapes how individuals experience the world.

Introduction

Autism, formally known as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), is a developmental condition that affects individuals in diverse and multifaceted ways. While traditionally associated with social difficulties and communication challenges, the reality of autism is far more complex. People with autism experience a wide range of traits that affect their perception, emotional processing, sensory responses, and behavior. These traits often manifest in ways that may seem puzzling to neurotypical individuals, such as a preference for routines, difficulty with non-literal language, or atypical emotional expression. However, each manifestation of autism reflects a deeply ingrained neurological difference that affects how individuals engage with the world around them.

One of the most important aspects of understanding autism is recognizing that it is a spectrum disorder, meaning no two individuals will experience it in exactly the same way. Traits such as sensory processing differences, repetitive behaviors, or challenges in social communication are common, but they present in varying intensities and combinations. Some individuals may have heightened sensory sensitivity, where loud sounds or bright lights cause discomfort, while others may show less sensitivity to their surroundings. Similarly, some may struggle with understanding facial expressions or social norms, while others may excel in certain social areas but struggle with emotional regulation. This variability highlights the importance of approaching autism with flexibility and understanding, rather than adhering to rigid definitions or stereotypes.

At the core of many autism traits is a need for predictability and structure, which helps individuals feel safe and in control of their environment. Changes in routine, unfamiliar situations, or unpredictable sensory stimuli can often lead to distress or emotional dysregulation. This is why many individuals with autism develop repetitive behaviors or intense, focused interests, which provide comfort and a sense of stability. Although some of these behaviors may appear unusual to others, they serve an important function in helping individuals with autism navigate a world that often feels overwhelming or confusing.

Understanding the diversity of autism traits is crucial not only for recognizing the unique strengths and challenges of individuals on the spectrum but also for fostering more inclusive environments. By exploring the wide range of traits that characterize autism—ranging from sensory processing differences to emotional dysregulation, from masking behaviors to impaired social reciprocity—we can build a deeper, more compassionate understanding of what it means to live with autism. This breakdown of the key traits offers insight into how these individuals experience the world, and how society can better support their needs.

Common Signs

1. Diversity of Expression: Autism is a spectrum disorder, meaning the way it manifests varies widely from person to person. Some individuals may show heightened sensitivity in one area while others may not exhibit the same behaviors. The traits can range from mild to severe, making autism a highly individualized condition.

2. Atypical Social Interaction: Many of the traits involve challenges in social communication and interaction. These include difficulty in recognizing social cues, impaired reciprocity in conversations, and struggles with interpreting emotions or facial expressions. Such social differences can make it hard for individuals to engage in typical social settings.

3. Sensory Processing Differences: A significant number of traits are linked to atypical sensory processing. Individuals with autism may be hypersensitive or hyposensitive to stimuli like light, sound, or touch. This can lead to both sensory overload and a desire to seek out particular sensory experiences, which may be calming or stimulating.

4. Need for Predictability: Many individuals with autism thrive on routine and predictability. The common preference for structure is evident in behaviors like resistance to changes in routine and a strong focus on specific interests. Disruptions to familiar patterns can cause distress, reflecting a desire for control over their environment.

5. Repetitive Behaviors: Repetition is a key theme across many traits. Whether it's through stereotyped movements like hand-flapping, repetitive speech, or intense focus on particular topics, repetitive behaviors serve as a way to self-regulate and find comfort in familiar patterns.

6. Challenges with Emotional Regulation: Emotional dysregulation is common, manifesting in heightened or diminished responses to emotional stimuli. Difficulty managing emotions in response to social cues or sensory overload often leads to meltdowns, withdrawal, or unexpected emotional reactions.

7. Cognitive Processing Variability: Many traits involve differences in cognitive processing, from a focus on details at the expense of seeing the broader picture, to difficulty understanding non-literal language like sarcasm or metaphors. This cognitive style reflects a different way of interpreting and responding to the world around them.

Analysis of the Most Dominant Traits

1. Atypical Facial Mimicry

• How it Manifests: Individuals with autism often show atypical or reduced facial mimicry in response to emotions displayed by others. Facial mimicry is an automatic response where one mirrors the emotional expressions (e.g., smiling when someone else smiles). In individuals with autism, this process can be impaired, leading to difficulties in reflecting the emotional states of others, particularly in social settings. This impairment is likely due to atypical neural processing of emotional cues.

  • Example: When shown a happy face or an angry face briefly, an autistic individual may not show the expected facial responses, such as smiling or frowning, that a neurotypical person would naturally exhibit. This can affect their social reciprocity, making interactions feel awkward or disconnected. (Mathersul et al., 2013).

2. Impaired Emotional Face Recognition

• How it Manifests: Emotional face recognition refers to the ability to correctly identify emotions (like happiness, anger, or sadness) from others' facial expressions. Individuals with autism may struggle to recognize or categorize these emotions, especially when facial expressions are subtle, ambiguous, or visually altered (such as low-contrast or filtered images). This impairment can result in misinterpretation of social cues, leading to inappropriate responses.

  • Example: A person with autism may misinterpret a mildly frustrated facial expression as anger or fail to recognize joy in another person’s facial expression. This makes social interactions more challenging as they struggle to respond appropriately to the emotions of others. (Kovarski et al., 2020).

3. Atypical Eye Contact

• How it Manifests: Eye contact is one of the most well-known social behaviors impacted by autism. Individuals with autism often avoid making direct eye contact, maintain it for shorter periods, or find it uncomfortable. This could be due to sensory sensitivities or the overwhelming amount of social and emotional information processed through eye contact. Atypical eye contact may also manifest as a preference for looking at other parts of the face, such as the mouth or forehead, rather than the eyes.

  • Example: A child with autism may look away or down when someone is speaking to them, avoiding direct gaze. In a conversation, they might focus more on objects or look elsewhere, which can be perceived as disinterest or avoidance. (Senju & Johnson, 2009).

4. Visual Tracking Issues

• How it Manifests: Visual tracking refers to the ability to smoothly follow moving objects with one's eyes. Individuals with autism may struggle with this skill, showing either a delayed response or an inability to follow objects effectively. This issue is particularly noticeable when the visual target is in motion, and it may interfere with tasks like reading or paying attention to moving stimuli.

  • Example: A person with autism might have difficulty following a ball in motion during a game or tracking the flow of text while reading. Instead of smoothly following the object with their eyes, they might display jerky movements or disengage from the task altogether. (Zwaigenbaum et al., 2005).

5. Prolonged Latency to Disengage Visual Attention

• How it Manifests: In this case, individuals with autism may have difficulty shifting their focus away from a visual stimulus once engaged. They tend to hyper-focus on specific objects or aspects of their environment, making it challenging to move their attention to new stimuli. This prolonged engagement can affect their ability to respond to changes in their surroundings or to engage with multiple stimuli simultaneously.

  • Example: A child with autism might fixate on a spinning fan or a flickering light and find it hard to shift attention to someone calling their name or to engage in another activity. This hyper-focus can make it difficult for them to participate in typical social interactions. (Zwaigenbaum et al., 2005).

6. Social Smiling Atypicalities

• How it Manifests: Social smiling is a key part of emotional exchange and bonding. In individuals with autism, this smiling can be reduced, delayed, or seem inappropriate. They may smile at unusual times or not smile in situations where it is socially expected. This atypical smiling pattern is often linked to difficulties in emotional regulation and understanding social norms.

  • Example: A child with autism may not smile back when someone smiles at them or may smile in situations that seem inappropriate, such as during a serious or sad moment. This difference in emotional expression can make social interactions challenging. (Zwaigenbaum et al., 2005).

7. Reactivity to Social Cues

• How it Manifests: Reactivity to social cues—such as recognizing when someone is addressing them, responding to their name, or picking up on social context—is often delayed or atypical in individuals with autism. They may fail to notice or respond to typical social signals, such as someone waving or calling their name. This can result in apparent unresponsiveness or disinterest, although the individual may simply be unaware of the cues.

  • Example: A person with autism may not respond when called, or they may struggle to pick up on nonverbal signals like gestures or facial expressions that indicate someone wants their attention. This can lead to social misunderstandings or difficulties in engaging with others. (Winczura, 2018).

8. Reduced Positive Affect

• How it Manifests: Reduced positive affect refers to lower levels of visible happiness or enthusiasm, especially in social settings. Individuals with autism may show fewer facial expressions or body language cues that convey joy or excitement, even in situations that typically elicit such responses in neurotypical individuals. This can affect social bonding and lead others to perceive the person as uninterested or disengaged.

  • Example: A child with autism may not show excitement when opening a present, even if they are happy about it. Their facial expressions may remain neutral, or they may express excitement in ways that are less visible, like focusing on a particular aspect of the gift without showing overt joy. (Zwaigenbaum et al., 2005).

9. Sensory Processing Differences

• How it Manifests: Sensory processing differences are common in autism, where individuals may be hypersensitive (overly sensitive) or hyposensitive (under-sensitive) to sensory stimuli, such as sounds, textures, lights, or smells. This can lead to discomfort or distress in environments that neurotypical people find tolerable. Sensory issues may also result in seeking out specific sensory experiences or avoiding certain stimuli altogether.

  • Example: A person with autism may cover their ears in response to loud noises, avoid certain fabrics because of how they feel, or become overwhelmed in a brightly lit room. Conversely, some may seek out intense sensory experiences, like spinning or touching various textures. (Yoon & Kim, 2023).

10. Impaired Interpersonal Affect Coordination

• How it Manifests: Interpersonal affect coordination refers to the ability to align one's emotional expressions and behaviors with those of others in social situations. In autism, this coordination is often reduced, meaning that individuals may not naturally mirror the facial expressions or emotions of their conversation partners. This can make social interactions feel awkward or disconnected.

  • Example: During a conversation, a person with autism may not smile or frown when the other person does, and their facial expressions may not change in sync with the emotional tone of the interaction. This lack of emotional mirroring can make it harder for others to connect with them on an emotional level. (Zampella et al., 2020).

11. Limited Imitation Skills

• How it Manifests: Imitation is a fundamental part of social learning, where individuals mimic others' actions, speech patterns, or facial expressions. People with autism often struggle with imitation, especially in social contexts. This can affect their ability to learn social behaviors or engage in typical play with peers.

  • Example: A child with autism may not copy a peer who is waving or making funny faces, and they may struggle to imitate more complex behaviors like clapping along with a song. This can make it harder for them to participate in group activities or games that involve imitation. (Zwaigenbaum et al., 2005).

12. Restricted Interests

• How it Manifests: Restricted interests are a hallmark of autism, where individuals focus intensely on specific topics, activities, or objects. These interests may be highly specialized and dominate the person’s attention to the exclusion of other activities. While these focused interests can bring comfort or pleasure, they can also limit the person’s engagement with a broader range of experiences.

  • Example: A child with autism might spend hours reading about trains, memorizing timetables, or playing with toy trains, while showing little interest in other activities or toys. This intense focus can make it difficult for them to switch topics or participate in group activities that are not related to their interest. (Zwaigenbaum et al., 2005).

13. Emotional Regulation Issues

• How it Manifests: Emotional regulation refers to the ability to manage one’s emotions and responses to various stimuli. In autism, emotional regulation can be impaired, leading to intense emotional reactions to seemingly minor events. This can include sudden outbursts of anger, anxiety, or frustration that seem disproportionate to the situation.

  • Example: A person with autism may become extremely upset if their routine is disrupted, such as if they are late for an appointment or if a preferred object is moved. These reactions can sometimes escalate into meltdowns or withdrawal as the individual struggles to cope with their emotions. (Chamak et al., 2008).

14. Atypical Speech Patterns

• How it Manifests: Speech in individuals with autism can be unusual in its rhythm, pitch, or tone. Some may speak in a monotone, with little variation in pitch, or they may use overly formal language for casual conversations. Others might have repetitive speech patterns, repeating the same phrase or word multiple times. These speech differences can make it harder for them to communicate effectively with others.

  • Example: A child with autism might repeat the same question over and over, even after it has been answered, or they may use language in a way that seems stiff or overly structured for a casual conversation. For example, instead of saying, “Can I have a drink?” they might say, “May I please have a glass of water, if it’s not too much trouble?” (Winczura, 2018).

15. Delayed Expressive and Receptive Language

• How it Manifests: Individuals with autism may experience delays in both expressive language (speaking and communicating their thoughts) and receptive language (understanding what is being said to them). This can result in difficulties with both verbal and non-verbal communication, making it hard for them to convey their needs or understand others.

  • Example: A child with autism may take longer to start speaking and, even when they begin, their speech might be limited or repetitive. They might also have trouble understanding simple instructions or responding to questions in a conversation. (Zwaigenbaum et al., 2005).

16. Atypical Emotional Memory

• How it Manifests: Emotional memory refers to the ability to remember events or situations based on the emotions they evoke. In autism, emotional memory can be atypical, with individuals either hyper-focusing on emotionally intense experiences or remembering emotional details differently from neurotypical people. They may have enhanced recall of certain emotionally charged or specific events but may struggle with broader contextual memory.

  • Example: A child with autism might vividly recall a specific detail from an emotionally significant event, such as the color of a toy they were holding during a meltdown, but have difficulty remembering the broader context of the situation or other important aspects. (Kurz et al., 2019).

17. Preference for Predictability

• How it Manifests: Individuals with autism often prefer predictable routines and environments. They may become anxious or upset when there are changes in their daily schedule or when something unexpected happens. This preference for predictability is linked to a need for structure, which helps them feel more in control of their environment.

  • Example: A person with autism may become distressed if their usual morning routine is disrupted, such as if breakfast is served later than usual or if a favorite cereal is unavailable. They might insist on following the same steps every day, even in activities like dressing or going to school. (Winczura, 2018).

18. Difficulty in Understanding Social Norms

• How it Manifests: People with autism often have trouble understanding unwritten social rules or norms, such as personal space, tone of voice, or appropriate conversation topics. This can lead to awkward or inappropriate social behaviors, as they may not intuitively grasp what is expected in various social situations.

  • Example: A child with autism may interrupt conversations or speak too loudly in a quiet setting, not realizing that these actions are socially inappropriate. They might also struggle with understanding jokes, sarcasm, or body language, which can make social interactions more difficult. (Buchholz, 2023).

19. Masking

• How it Manifests: Masking refers to the conscious or subconscious effort to hide or suppress autistic traits in social situations in order to fit in with neurotypical peers. This might involve mimicking social behaviors, hiding stimming (self-soothing behaviors), or forcing oneself to maintain eye contact. While masking can help individuals blend into social environments, it is often mentally and emotionally exhausting.

  • Example: A person with autism may force themselves to make eye contact or smile during a conversation, even though it feels uncomfortable, to appear more "normal" to others. They might also suppress their natural tendencies, such as avoiding fidgeting or not speaking about their special interests, to avoid standing out. (Buchholz, 2023).

20. Sensitivity to Changes in Routine

• How it Manifests: Sensitivity to changes in routine is a common trait in autism, where even small, unexpected changes can lead to significant distress or anxiety. This rigidity in routine helps individuals with autism feel more secure and in control, and disruptions can trigger stress or meltdowns.

  • Example: If a scheduled activity like a trip to the park is canceled or delayed, a person with autism might become highly upset, and it may take a long time for them to adjust to the new plan. This reaction can manifest as crying, anger, or withdrawal. (Winczura, 2018).

21. Impaired Joint Attention

• How it Manifests: Joint attention is the ability to share focus with another person on an object or event. In autism, joint attention may be impaired, meaning the person may not follow someone else's gaze or gestures to direct attention to an object. This can affect social learning and communication, as joint attention is a key part of understanding and engaging with others' interests.

  • Example: A parent pointing to an airplane in the sky might not elicit a response from a child with autism. The child may not look where the parent is pointing or show interest in sharing the experience of observing the airplane. (Winczura, 2018).

22. Diminished Empathy

• How it Manifests: Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of others. In autism, diminished empathy can manifest as difficulty recognizing or responding to the emotional states of others. This is often linked to a reduced ability to interpret facial expressions, body language, or tone of voice, making it harder for individuals to connect with others emotionally.

  • Example: A person with autism might not offer comfort to someone who is visibly upset, not because they don't care, but because they may not recognize the cues indicating that the other person is distressed. They may also struggle to respond appropriately in emotionally charged situations. (Bird & Cook, 2013).

23. Selective Interest in Specific Stimuli

• How it Manifests: Individuals with autism often show a heightened interest in particular sensory stimuli. This can include specific textures, sounds, or visual patterns that they find soothing or stimulating. They may seek out these stimuli repeatedly, sometimes to the exclusion of other activities, or show distress when they cannot engage with them.

  • Example: A child with autism may be fascinated by the sound of a spinning fan and repeatedly seek out this experience. They might also show distress when they cannot engage with their preferred sensory stimulus, such as a particular toy with a specific texture or light pattern. (Yoon & Kim, 2023).

24. Inflexible Thinking

• How it Manifests: Inflexible thinking in autism refers to difficulty adapting to new situations, rules, or perspectives. Individuals may exhibit rigid thinking patterns, preferring familiar routines, rules, or ways of doing things. When faced with change or the need to adapt, they may become anxious or frustrated.

  • Example: A person with autism might insist on playing a game according to specific rules and become upset if others try to introduce new rules or change the structure of the game. Similarly, they may struggle to adapt when a plan changes unexpectedly. (Winczura, 2018).

25. Difficulty in Emotional Expression

• How it Manifests: Many individuals with autism experience difficulty expressing their emotions in ways that others can easily understand. This might involve showing less outward emotion than expected or expressing emotions in ways that seem inappropriate for the situation. Their internal emotional state may not align with their outward expressions.

  • Example: A person with autism might not cry or show visible signs of distress during a sad event, leading others to believe they are unaffected. Conversely, they might laugh inappropriately during a tense or serious moment because their emotional processing and expression do not align with social norms. (Chamak et al., 2008).

26. Unusual Gaze Patterns

• How it Manifests: Eye contact and gaze patterns in autism are often atypical. Individuals with autism might avoid eye contact entirely, look at different parts of the face (like the mouth instead of the eyes), or glance away frequently during conversations. This behavior can make social interactions more challenging, as eye contact is an important non-verbal cue in many cultures.

  • Example: During a conversation, a person with autism might focus on the other person’s chin or forehead instead of making direct eye contact, or they might look around the room while the other person is speaking. This can give the impression of disinterest, even if they are paying attention. (Kliemann et al., 2012).

27. Impaired Social Reciprocity

• How it Manifests: Social reciprocity refers to the ability to engage in a give-and-take relationship during social interactions. In autism, this skill can be impaired, making it difficult to participate in typical social exchanges. Individuals might not respond to greetings, initiate conversations, or follow the flow of a back-and-forth dialogue. This can lead to misunderstandings and make it harder for them to form relationships.

  • Example: A child with autism may not greet others when entering a room or may not respond to someone saying “hello.” In a conversation, they may talk extensively about their own interests without recognizing when it’s the other person’s turn to speak. (Zampella et al., 2020).

28. Atypical Responses to Emotional Stimuli

• How it Manifests: Individuals with autism often respond to emotional stimuli in ways that differ from neurotypical individuals. They may have heightened or diminished reactions to situations that elicit strong emotions, such as fear, joy, or anger. This can result in responses that appear inappropriate or out of context.

  • Example: A person with autism might not show fear in a situation that would typically be considered dangerous, or they might laugh at a situation others find sad. These atypical emotional responses can make it difficult for them to navigate social situations where others expect certain reactions. (Gaigg & Bowler, 2008).

29. Reduced Affective Responses

• How it Manifests: Reduced affective responses refer to a decreased outward display of emotions, such as facial expressions, gestures, or body language. Individuals with autism may show less emotional expression during interactions, even if they are feeling emotions internally. This can make it difficult for others to gauge their feelings and can result in social misunderstandings.

  • Example: A person with autism may not show visible excitement when receiving a gift or may remain expressionless during a conversation, even if they are engaged and interested. This reduced emotional expression can sometimes be interpreted as disinterest or detachment by others. (Zampella et al., 2020).

30. Difficulty Understanding Facial Expressions

• How it Manifests: Individuals with autism often have trouble interpreting the facial expressions of others, making it harder for them to understand social and emotional cues. They may struggle to differentiate between emotions like happiness, anger, or sadness based on facial expressions alone. This can lead to social miscommunications and challenges in building relationships.

  • Example: A person with autism may not realize that someone is angry based on their facial expression alone, leading to misinterpretations during social interactions. They may need explicit verbal cues to understand how someone else is feeling. (Whitaker et al., 2016).

31. Atypical Brain Connectivity

• How it Manifests: In autism, altered brain connectivity, particularly in regions responsible for emotional and social processing, can lead to difficulties in interpreting social cues, managing emotions, and forming connections with others. These connectivity differences, often observed in the fusiform gyrus and insula, affect the way the brain processes emotions and facial expressions.

  • Example: A person with autism may show increased brain activity in response to emotionally neutral stimuli or may process emotional information in ways that differ from neurotypical individuals, making it harder for them to respond appropriately in social situations. (Safar et al., 2018).

32. Avoidance of Eye Contact

• How it Manifests: Many individuals with autism find direct eye contact uncomfortable or overwhelming and may actively avoid it. Eye contact can feel overstimulating or intrusive, leading to avoidance behaviors. This avoidance can be misinterpreted as disinterest or lack of engagement, even though the person may be paying attention in other ways.

  • Example: A person with autism may look away or focus on an object when someone is speaking to them, rather than making eye contact. While they may be listening intently, their avoidance of eye contact may cause others to think they are not engaged. (Senju & Johnson, 2009).

33. Difficulty with Nonverbal Communication

• How it Manifests: Nonverbal communication, such as gestures, body language, and facial expressions, is often challenging for individuals with autism. They may not use these cues naturally or may struggle to interpret them in others. This can make interactions confusing or lead to misunderstandings, especially in social settings where nonverbal cues are a significant part of communication.

  • Example: A person with autism may not understand that crossing arms or frowning indicates frustration or that a thumbs-up gesture means approval. They might also have difficulty using these cues themselves, leading to social awkwardness. (Winczura, 2018).

34. Impaired Recognition of Emotional Intensity

• How it Manifests: Individuals with autism may find it difficult to assess the intensity of emotions in others. While they might recognize a basic emotion (e.g., sadness), they may struggle to determine how strongly the emotion is being expressed. This can lead to either under- or over-estimating the emotional state of others.

  • Example: A person with autism may fail to notice how upset someone is, interpreting mild sadness as neutral or extreme anger as mild frustration. This can affect their ability to respond appropriately in emotional situations. (Whitaker et al., 2016).

35. Stereotyped Movements

• How it Manifests: Stereotyped movements, also known as "stimming," are repetitive behaviors that individuals with autism often use to self-regulate or cope with sensory overload. These movements can include hand-flapping, rocking, spinning, or repeating certain actions or sounds. While these behaviors can be calming for the individual, they may be perceived as unusual or disruptive by others.

  • Example: A person with autism may flap their hands when they are excited, anxious, or overstimulated. These movements help them manage their emotions or sensory input but may appear odd to neurotypical individuals. (Winczura, 2018).

36. High Levels of Detail Focus

• How it Manifests: Individuals with autism often exhibit a preference for focusing on small details rather than the overall picture. This tendency, known as "weak central coherence," can lead to intense concentration on specific aspects of objects or situations while missing broader context. While this skill can be beneficial in certain tasks, it can also make it difficult to understand the bigger picture or engage in activities that require holistic thinking.

  • Example: A child with autism might focus intently on the individual letters of a word, missing the meaning of the entire sentence. Similarly, they might fixate on the wheels of a toy car without engaging in imaginative play involving the whole car. (Kurz et al., 2019).

37. Unusual Responses to Sensory Input

• How it Manifests: Individuals with autism often have atypical responses to sensory stimuli. They may be hypersensitive (overly sensitive) or hyposensitive (under-sensitive) to stimuli such as noise, light, touch, or smell. These sensory processing differences can lead to discomfort, avoidance behaviors, or a strong desire to seek out specific sensory experiences.

  • Example: A person with autism might cover their ears at loud sounds, such as a vacuum cleaner, or avoid crowded, noisy places. Conversely, they might seek out intense sensory input, such as rubbing certain textures or staring at bright lights for prolonged periods. (Yoon & Kim, 2023).

38. Emotional Dysregulation

• How it Manifests: Emotional dysregulation in autism refers to difficulties managing and controlling emotional responses. This can lead to sudden outbursts, meltdowns, or withdrawal in response to situations that others might handle with less emotional intensity. Emotional dysregulation is often triggered by sensory overload, frustration, or unexpected changes in routine.

  • Example: A person with autism may have a meltdown if they become overwhelmed by loud noises or bright lights, or if their daily routine is disrupted. This can involve crying, yelling, or physical behaviors like hitting or throwing objects. (Chamak et al., 2008).

39. Preference for Solitary Activities

• How it Manifests: Individuals with autism often prefer solitary activities over social interactions. This preference can stem from difficulties with social communication, sensory sensitivities, or a strong focus on particular interests. While they may enjoy being alone, it does not necessarily indicate loneliness or social withdrawal, but rather a preference for environments where they feel comfortable and in control.

  • Example: A child with autism might spend hours reading, building with blocks, or engaging in a specific hobby without showing interest in playing with peers or participating in group activities. (Chamak et al., 2008).

40. Difficulty in Recognizing Sarcasm or Jokes

• How it Manifests: Many individuals with autism have trouble understanding non-literal language, such as sarcasm, metaphors, or jokes. This difficulty arises because they tend to interpret language in a more literal or concrete way. As a result, they may miss the underlying meaning or humor in conversations that rely on wordplay or double meanings.

  • Example: A person with autism might not recognize sarcasm in a statement like, “Well, that went perfectly,” when the speaker is being ironic. They may take the words at face value and not realize the speaker is actually expressing frustration or disappointment. (Buchholz, 2023).

41. Delayed Motor Skills

• How it Manifests: Individuals with autism may show delays in the development of motor skills, both fine (small movements like using a pencil) and gross (large movements like running or jumping). These delays can affect coordination, balance, and physical activities, leading to clumsiness or difficulty with tasks that require precise movements.

  • Example: A child with autism may have trouble learning to ride a bike, use scissors, or tie their shoes. They may also have difficulty catching a ball or participating in sports due to challenges with coordination. (Buchholz, 2023).

42. Heightened Focus on Specific Topics

• How it Manifests: Individuals with autism may develop an intense, almost obsessive focus on particular subjects or hobbies. These topics can dominate their conversations and activities, and they may spend excessive amounts of time researching or engaging with their specific interests. While this intense focus can lead to expertise in certain areas, it can also limit their willingness to explore other topics or activities.

  • Example: A person with autism might be fascinated by trains and spend hours memorizing train schedules or collecting train-related memorabilia. They might talk exclusively about trains during conversations, even when the topic is unrelated to the context of the discussion. (Buchholz, 2023).